Financial markets can be
considered as complex systems having many interacting elements and exhibiting large
fluctuations in their associated observable properties, such as stock price or
market index. The state of the market is governed by interactions among its components,
which can be either traders or stocks. In addition, market activity is also
influenced significantly by the arrival of external information like state of
other markets, price of different commodities etc.
The data is taken from National Stock Exchange (NSE) which is an emerging market. The data
analysed was the closing price data of 201 stocks of for 2607 days. To
observe correlation between the price movements of different stocks, we first
measure the price fluctuations such that the result is independent of the scale
of measurement.
If Pi(t) is price of the stock i = 1,
. . . ,N at time t, then the normalised
price return ri(t, Δt) of the ith stock over a time interval Δt is defined asEqual time cross-correlation(measure of similarity of 2 waveforms as a function of a time-lag applied to one of them) matrix C, whose element Cij represents the correlation between returns for stocks i and j, was calculated. It was found that the correlation among stocks in NSE is larger on the average compared to that among the stocks in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) which is a developed market. (Fig 1).
A. Eigenvalue spectrum of correlation matrix
If the N return
time series of length T are mutually uncorrelated, then the resulting random
correlation matrix is called a Wishart matrix. In the limit N → ∞, T → ∞,
such that Q ≡ T/N ≥ 1, the eigenvalue distribution of this random correlation
matrix is given by
In the NSE data,
there are N = 201 stocks each containing T = 2606 returns; as a result Q = 12.97.
Therefore, in the absence of any correlation among the stocks, the eigenvalue distribution
P(λ) should be bounded between λmin = 0.52 and λmax = 1.63. But a few of the largest eigenvalues deviate significantly
from the RMT(Random Matrix theory) bound
(Fig. 2). The number of these deviating eigenvalues is relatively few for NSE
compared to NYSE.
B. Properties of ‘Deviating’ Eigenvalues
The largest
eigenvalue λ0 is indicative of a common factor that affects all the stocks
with the same bias, the largest eigenvalue is associated with the market
mode, i.e., the collective response of the entire market to external
information. The eigenvalues occurring in the range predicted by RMT denote the
noise in the sampled data and doesn’t contribute to the market characteristics.
Of more interest for understanding the market structure are the intermediate
eigenvalues, i.e., those occurring between the largest eigenvalue and the bulk
of the distribution predicted by RMT. Each of these eigenvalues corresponds to a
related group of stocks.
C. Filtering the correlation matrix
We now use a
filtering method to remove market mode, as well as the random noise . The
correlation matrix is first decomposed as
Where λi
are the eigenvalues of C sorted in descending order and ui are
corresponding eigenvectors. The contribution of the intra-group correlations to
the C matrix can be written as a partial sum of λkukukT
, where k is the index of the corresponding eigenvalue. Thus, the
correlation matrix can be decomposed into three parts, corresponding to the market,
group and random components:
The Group
Correlation Matrix is used to construct the network of interacting stocks. The
adjacency matrix A of this network is generated from the group correlation matrix
C group by using a threshold cth such that Aij = 1 if Cgroupij >
cth, and Aij = 0 otherwise. Thus, a pair of stocks
are connected if the group correlation coefficient Cgroupij is
larger than a preassigned threshold value, cth. To determine an appropriate
choice of cth = c* the number of isolated clusters was observed (a cluster
being defined as a group of connected nodes in the network for a given cth ,a single node is
ignored and not counted as a cluster) . For
c* = 0.09, the largest number (3) of isolated clusters of stocks are
obtained whereas the largest number of clusters obtained from NYSE data is greater than 3. From these 3 clusters,
only two business sectors can be properly identified, namely the Technology and
the Pharmaceutical sectors.
The fact that the majority of the NSE stocks cannot be arranged into well-segregated groups reflecting business sectors leads to conclusion that intra-group interaction is much weaker than the market-wide correlation in the NSE. Most of the observed correlation among stocks is found to be due to effects common to the entire market, whereas correlation due to interaction between stocks belonging to the same business sector are weak. Emergence of an
internal structure comprising multiple groups of strongly coupled components is
a signature of market development.
Sources: Collective behavior of stock price movements in an emerging market(Raj Kumar Pan, Sitabhra Sinha)
Sources: Collective behavior of stock price movements in an emerging market(Raj Kumar Pan, Sitabhra Sinha)
Amazing posst! thanks for sharing...
ReplyDeleteWhat is Sensex
Sensitive Index
S&P BSE Sensex
BSE Sensex Index